{"id":3332,"date":"2023-01-12T11:22:51","date_gmt":"2023-01-12T04:22:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ria.edu.vn\/?p=3332"},"modified":"2023-01-12T11:24:25","modified_gmt":"2023-01-12T04:24:25","slug":"lich-su-chat-lieu-mau-nuoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ria.edu.vn\/?p=3332","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec CH\u1ea4T LI\u1ec6U M\u00c0U N\u01af\u1edaC"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\ud83d\udca7\"<\/span> Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1ed9t m\u00e0u, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee3i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho vellum \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ec3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khung c\u1ea3nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam c\u00e1c ch\u1eef in hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n trang tr\u00ed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"C\u00f3<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u270d\ufe0f\"<\/span> K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/div>\n
Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 m\u1edd \u0111\u1ee5c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng ch\u00ec, t\u1ea1o cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u00ednh trong su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0u. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u00e0u m\u1ecfng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u00e0u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng xuy\u00ean qua.<\/div>\n
Khi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t ‘b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u’. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong v\u1ebd tranh phong c\u1ea3nh, khi \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> S\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u<\/div>\n
Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ebd tranh m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc \u00c2u. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 phong c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi \u0111i du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u1ebd c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebd phong c\u1ea3nh.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n<\/div>\n
T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1790, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 tr\u1ebb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng phong ph\u00fa m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam t\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1.<\/div>\n
V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, Thomas Girtin v\u00e0 Joseph Mallord William Turner \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng khung trong nh\u1eefng khung m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng sang tr\u1ecdng, khi\u1ebfn cho ‘b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd pha m\u00e0u’ d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebd tranh m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 Louis Ducros ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Grand Tour, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u1edf Anh trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19<\/div>\n
Girtin qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1802 nh\u01b0ng Turner v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1851. L\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebd m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ‘h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n’ c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i H\u1ecda s\u0129 M\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1803. V\u00e0 ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Turner ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, anh \u1ea5y v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0ng gia su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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T\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 Turner v\u00e0 Girtin \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y: John Sell Cotman, David Cox, Peter de Wint v\u00e0 William Henry Hunt, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. M\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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John Frederick Lewis \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft s\u1eafc n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Pre-Raphaelites. John Ruskin \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho c\u1ea3 Turner v\u00e0 Pre-Raphaelites, trong \u0111\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ‘Idyllists’, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ebfn nay<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, Turner v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ebd m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Cotman, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1eb7t s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i M\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n H\u1ecda s\u0129 Ho\u00e0ng gia v\u1ec1 M\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecda s\u0129 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 David Hockney, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd ch\u00e2n dung l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi Wassily Kandinsky, Emil Nolde, Paul Klee, Egon Schiele v\u00e0 Raoul Dufy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y tranh m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tranh s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u \u1edf M\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 H\u1eadu \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecda s\u0129 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh phong c\u00e1ch M\u1ef9 trong tranh m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y v\u1ebd nh\u01b0 “Cleveland school” ho\u1eb7c “Ohio school” t\u1eadp trung xung quanh B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Cleveland, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 “California Scene”, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi x\u01b0\u1edfng phim ho\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh \u1edf Hollywood ho\u1eb7c H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Chouinard (nay l\u00e0 H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt California).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83c\udf08\"<\/span> Ngu\u1ed3n: Vanvi gallery<\/div>\n
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HISTORY OF WATERCOLOR MATERIAL<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83d\udca7\"<\/span> Watercolor material has been particularly associated with British painting for several hundred years. However, its roots are older than in the history of European painting. Pigments, consisting of soil or plant fibers that were ground into powder and banded together with solvents, were used in the Middle Ages but it only really became a material for painting in the Renaissance. They were applied to vellum to adorn manuscripts, to depict religious landscapes, and later watercolors were used to enrich capital letters and decorative borders.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u270d\ufe0f\"<\/span> Engineering<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Practically pigment is mixed with an opaque pigment such as white lead, giving it a pigment and great color intensity. Some painters at the time began to use watercolor properly. They recognized the basic properties of watercolor as transparency and lightness, as well as the purity and intensity of pigments. These attributes are because the thin layers of color are always placed on paper and so the layers of color become transparent to the light through.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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As paper production became more and more complex, impurities and random discoloration were eliminated, one could use watercolor as the source of brightness in a ‘stained drawing’. The material itself is encouraged to be used in landscape painting, when the brightness of the sky must be focused.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> Beginnings<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The best watercolor painters who appeared in the 17th century were Norse. Dutch painters have used it extensively for landscape and watercolor themes that can be used when traveling and to record real places. Painters and some landscape decorators have continued to use gouache, but watercolors have established themselves as the natural medium of a growing national school of landscape painters.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> Romantic revolution<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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This situation led to a revolution in the 1790s, with some young artists beginning to reinvent watercolor as a means of competing on the walls of the academy, not only in terms of the rich effect but also in terms of the size and seriousness of the subject.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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At the end of the century, Thomas Girtin and Joseph Mallord William Turner produced large and powerful watercolors, framed in luxurious gilded frames, making the ‘tinged painting’ seem obsolete. They were influenced by Continental watercolor painters such as Louis Ducros who created broad, diverse perspectives of color for the Grand Tour market, but also motivated by the spirit of romanticism that artists and writers in Britain during the Napoleonic wars promoted.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> 19th century<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Girtin died in 1802 but Turner continued to invent and revolutionize watercolor materials until his death in 1851. Inspired by their achievements, watercolor painters founded their own ‘academy’, the watercolor Painters ‘ Association, in 1803. And soon other beings with similar purposes were born. Turner himself was never recognized, he remained faithful to the Royal Academy all his life.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
The example that Turner and Girtin raised motivated a generation of masters: John Sell Cotman, David Cox, Peter De Wint and William Henry Hunt, all of whom developed distinctive personal idioms, in which they expressed a contemporary passion for nature. Watercolors and pigments began to be used in combination to create more dramatic effects.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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John Frederick Lewis perfected a miniature technique with spectacular accuracy, predicting sharp details of Pre-Raphaelites. John Ruskin encouraged a new style, nurturing his enthusiasm for both Turner and Pre-Raphaelites, in which fine detail and vast atmosphere effects are combined together, most poetically in the work of the ‘Idyllists’, some of whom lived to the 20th century.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\u2714\ufe0f\"<\/span> 20th century to present<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
Thanks to his relentless early inventions of the medium, Turner remained an inevitable influence on watercolor painters. Another hero is Cotman, whose clean, handy design and clean laundry have captured the abstract love of the 20th century. Two of the Societies of the 19th century still flourished were the Royal Watercolor Society and the Royal Institute of watercolor Painters. Around the world, some of the material’s outstanding painters are David Hockney, who recently made a series of large portraits in watercolor.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Among the many artists of the 20th century who have composed valuable watercolors, mention Wassily Kandinsky, Emil Nolde, Paul Klee, Egon Schiele and Raoul Dufy.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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During this period watercolors and oil paintings in the United States often simulated the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist schools of Europe, but many painters wanted to thrive the American style in watercolor paintings from the 1920s to the 1940s, especially drawing schools such as “Cleveland school” or “Ohio school” centered around the Cleveland Museum of Art, and “California Scene” painters, many of whom worked with the animation studio in Hollywood or the Chouinard Academy of Art (now the school California Institute of the arts).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\"\ud83c\udf08\"<\/span> Source: Vanvi gallery<\/div>\n
———————————————-<\/div>\n
\"\u2600\ufe0f\"<\/span> Rubik International Academy<\/a><\/div>\n
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Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh trong v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. B\u1ed9t m\u00e0u, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c s\u1ee3i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i, […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3333,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc-my-thuat-the-gioi","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nL\u1ecaCH S\u1eec CH\u1ea4T LI\u1ec6U M\u00c0U N\u01af\u1edaC - RUBIK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc. 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