{"id":3324,"date":"2023-01-11T14:54:45","date_gmt":"2023-01-11T07:54:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ria.edu.vn\/?p=3324"},"modified":"2023-01-11T14:54:45","modified_gmt":"2023-01-11T07:54:45","slug":"hoa-si-albrecht-durer-va-tranh-khac-go","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ria.edu.vn\/?p=3324","title":{"rendered":"HO\u1ea0 S\u0128 ALBRECHT DURER V\u00c0 TRANH KH\u1eaeC G\u1ed6"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\ud83c\udf33\"<\/span>Tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1400. Tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft song song v\u1edbi th\u1edb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c dao t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. Ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 D\u00fcrer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u1ef1c nh\u1edbt \u0111en, b\u00f3ng tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f4i l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00f4 cao c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7. \u00d4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c l\u0103n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u26cf\"<\/span>\u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 th\u1eadt t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn sao cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n in. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t th\u00f4, d\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00f3ng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u. Nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, Albrecht D\u00fcrer \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt in tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t thanh m\u1ea3nh, duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u tinh t\u1ebf.<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83c\udf08\"<\/span>Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a D\u00fcrer kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a D\u00fcrer trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 nh\u01b0ng giao vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e1n v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t sau c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7 Behaim, D\u00fcrer kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n in c\u1ee7a D\u00fcrer, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc cho \u201cNi\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea nh\u1ecf\u201d \u1edf B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n th\u1ee3 kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83d\udc49\"<\/span>Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a D\u00fcrer, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n in: “M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi.” Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng D\u00fcrer \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n in kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a D\u00fcrer s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft.<\/div>\n
Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a D\u00fcrer c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n in \u201cQu\u1ed1c huy c\u1ee7a Michael Behaim\u201d cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc. C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee5c, kho\u00e9t v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ng\u1eafn l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng l\u00f5m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c v\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u0169i \u0111\u1ee5c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh ph\u1eb3ng. Trong khi c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u dao xung quanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i \u0111\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf, s\u1eafc n\u00e9t. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft hoa v\u0103n u\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc khi\u00ean.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y theo th\u1eddi gian do \u00e1p l\u1ef1c in \u1ea5n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9t nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u00e9p d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng, nh\u1ea1t h\u01a1n trong b\u1ea3n in. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra song song b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n in cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tinh vi c\u1ee7a D\u00fcrer th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n in tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83d\udccd\"<\/span>Ngu\u1ed3n: Vanvi gallery<\/div>\n
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ALBRECHT DURER AND WOODCUTS<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83c\udf33\"<\/span>Woodcuts were created from one of the earliest printing techniques and became popular in Europe around 1400. Woodcuts are produced by engraving an image into a wood block, usually a hardwood, which is cut parallel to its grain and leaves only the contours and shapes of the previously painted design. All other areas of the wood are carefully cut with sharp, dedicated shaped knives. D\u00fcrer, who developed the technique of woodcuts, often used black, glossy ink mixed with oil to apply to the overhanging surface of the wood. He applied the technique of Dotting or rolling with a polishing machine. Then, by handmade, the painter will put on the ink-filled surface of a piece of paper and rubbed it long enough to transfer the image onto that piece of paper.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\u26cf\"<\/span>The most difficult thing when implementing the technique of wood carving is the carving of wood carving is meticulous, and careful so that the contours are not broken after several prints. The original woodcuts were characterized by rough, thick lines without much gloss or texture. Thanks to its skillful, precise carving capabilities, Albrecht D\u00fcrer transformed the art of woodcut printing through the use of Slender, graceful lines, complex details, and subtle color transitions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83c\udf08\"<\/span>But according to art historians, D\u00fcrer’s woodcuts were not his own. It can be said that D\u00fcrer’s important role in the design of woodcuts was certain, but his involvement in cutting wood blocks has sparked quite a lot of debate. German painters of the time often designed woodcuts but assigned actual carving to a professional woodcutter. In the letter glued to the back of the Behaim wooden block, D\u00fcrer asserted creative control, suggesting that his contribution was merely designed. This hypothesis is further reinforced by technical examinations of other extant woodcuts intended for D\u00fcrer’s prints, such as those for the \u201clittle passion\u201d in the British Museum, assumed to have been created by four different professional Woodcarvers.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\"\ud83d\udc49\"<\/span>However, in a D\u00fcrer article, he implied that engraving the prints on his own: “a person can draw in a day, or engrave a small block of wood on his own is still better than a person who has worked hard all year.”This statement has been used by scholars to suggest that D\u00fcrer was sometimes both the designer and the executor of his woodblock prints. But without any documentary evidence, the debates over D\u00fcrer’s engraving would not have come to an end.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Only some of D\u00fcrer’s works survive. A thorough examination of the woodcuts used to create the \u201ccoat of arms of Michael Behaim\u201d print provides insight into the carving process. The engraving traces found on wood engravings speak to the chisels, carvings, and knives used to achieve specific effects. The short contours repeated with such tools create special textures in some recessed areas of woodcuts. For example, marks in large empty areas at the top and bottom of the engraving are usually made by chisels larger in size than flat grooves. While the knife markings around the contours of the design indicate the use of small, sharp chisels. Skilled carving is especially necessary to recognize the winding pattern of the shield.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The thin contours on the woodcut are prone to fracture over time due to repeated printing pressures. The small breaks visible at the lower right edge of the woodcut translate into an intermittent, paler line in the print. The parallel examination of woodcuts and prints reveals the complexity of the carving involving turning D\u00fcrer’s sophisticated design into an excellent print.<\/div>\n
\"\ud83d\udccd\"<\/span>Source: Vanvi gallery<\/div>\n
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\"\u2600\ufe0f\"<\/span> Rubik International Academy<\/div>\n
\"\ud83d\udcde\"<\/span> 0869 087 179<\/div>\n
\"\ud83c\udfeb\"<\/span> 181C1 Cach Mang Thang Tam, Ward 5, District 3, HCMC<\/div>\n
\"\ud83d\udce7\"<\/span> sales.rubikart@gmail.com<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1400. Tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed7, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 c\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft song song v\u1edbi th\u1edb […]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3325,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc-my-thuat-the-gioi","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHO\u1ea0 S\u0128 ALBRECHT DURER V\u00c0 TRANH KH\u1eaeC G\u1ed6<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 Albrecht Durer v\u00e0 tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7. 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